•奈尔•鲍威（Nile Bowie）、 闻竹译•
近期，民间团体接受国外赞助一事在马来西亚闹得沸沸扬扬。此事备受争议，并招致了人权分子和国会成员双方的批评。
而有些人权分子却倾向于认为，布城针对人权组织如接受国外资金的马来西亚人民之声（SUARAM）的调查是企图扼杀异议、攻击民间团体的绝望之举。马来西 亚前总理马哈蒂尔曾多次警告，可能会发生由外国赞助的破坏稳定的行动，目的在于对马来西亚进行政权更迭－－这一观点遭到了净选盟（干净与公平选举联盟）成 员等的普遍反对。（布城为马来西亚新首府，译者注）
随着马来西亚第13届大选的临近，有些人认为谈论“外国阴谋”不过是老生常谈，另外一些人则没能掌握外国影响的深层机制，因此除了用手指着政敌外，毫无办法。就在这时，美国军方文件的泄露为深入透析潜在的针对马来西亚的“外国阴谋”提供了宝贵的参考。
《TC 18－01特种部队非常规战》（TC 18－01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE）发布在美国军队的官方网站上，只有美国政府的授权官员才能查看（目前已经可以获取泄露文件的副本）。［1］该文件意义重大，因为它给出了 华盛顿“非常规战”及其策略实施的详细步骤。这份手册阐明了美国实施对外政策免受任何处罚，旨在非法干涉他国内政，目的是破坏政权稳定和建立新秩序，以进 一步扩张美国的经济利益。克里斯托夫•莱曼博士（Dr。 Christof Lehmann）是这样描述这份手册的：
“……（这是一份）指导美国如何一步步创造、操纵、指派以及利用他国的民众、国内特殊利益群体、国外政治流亡人士以及国内外各种组织，进而颠覆政权的行动 指南。首先，操纵异见者进行游行示威，使民众分化成两派，发动需要安全部队采取行动的骚乱和武装叛乱，接着通过新闻媒体展开心理战，按照逻辑顺序，借以人 道主义和带来‘民主’‘自由’的名义，一步一步将局势推向全面战争。”［2］
上述非常规战的目标国是那些一直不愿同美国在外交和经济利益上结盟的国家，以及那些地缘战略位置优越、自然资源丰富但并不怎么顺从美国的国家。
这份手册介绍了分阶段进行的精心安排的隐蔽活动。首先，通过对异见新闻媒体组织提供经费，从心理上影响目标国人群。接着，向目标国家进行渗透，为异见组织提供培训和装备，直到出现政权过渡，必要情况下，可以采用武力。
手册为“保密”级别，并附有“销毁通知”，原因是显而易见的－－里面揭露了美国外交政策赤裸裸的非法和暴虐的本质，即通过支持叛乱组织，亦可称“恐怖组织”（加强语气）的手段：
“使用限制：只有在确保技术信息或行动计划不会通过国际交换项目或以其他途径自动散播的情况下，美国政府机构及其合 约商才有权使用。该决定确立于2010年8月1日。如对该文件有其他请求，须咨询美国陆军约翰•肯尼迪特战中心与学校（USAJFKSWCS）的指挥官， 联系人：AOJK－DTD－SF， 2175 Reilly Road， Stop A， Fort Bragg， NC 28310－5000。”
销毁通知：采取任何手段销毁文件，防止文件内容泄露或文件碎片被重组。
在国外公开的限制（FD 6）：该手册已通过开发人员的审核，以及美国陆军约翰•肯尼迪特种作战中心与学校（USAJFKSWCS）权威国外公开部门的审阅，只可根据个别具体情况向外国学生发行。
美国特种作战司令部（USSOCOM）指挥官将非常规战（UW）定义为各种通过指挥禁入区的秘密组织，辅助机构以及游击队，向目标国发起抵抗运动或暴动， 以胁迫、分裂甚至颠覆一国政府或占领国的行动。美国发动非常规战的意图在于，通过发展和维持抵抗力量，乘机利用敌国的政治、军事、经济以及心理弱点，完成 美国的战略目标。在可预见的未来，美军将主要从事非常规战。
叙利亚正在上演的冲突，以及2011年利比亚推翻穆阿迈尔•卡扎菲的动乱都是这份文件提出的模式得到成功运用的典范。在叙利亚和利比亚，美国组织如美国国 家民主基金会等在资金上和舆论上支持反对派和人权组织。一旦两国的抗议示威取得成效，关于暴力的报道便开始浮出水面，往往以类似狙击手射击的形式，瞄准的 是安全部队和平民。在利比亚，叛军得到了西方国家的武装支持，尽管报道已经证实伊斯兰圣战士和极端组织是武装抵抗的中心力量。结果，这些武装激进分子真的 颠覆了利比亚政府，此后，还卷入了种族大屠杀，以及近期在班加西发生的谋杀美驻利大使克里斯•史蒂文斯即其他四名美国人员的事件。［3］同样的战术还在叙 利亚使用过。伊斯兰圣战组织从美国盟国如沙特阿拉伯和卡塔尔获得武器装备，据报道，还使用过恐怖主义战略，如制造爆炸事件和庭外暗杀。［4］［5］手册中 还介绍了“非常规战争的各个阶段”，与美国在利比亚和叙利亚两国采取的方案完全契合：
第一阶段：准备
反对派和外国赞助商实施心理攻势，将反对现行政府或占领国的群体团结起来，使其做好准备，接受美国的支持。
第二阶段：初步接触
美国政府（USG）机构协调流亡政府同盟或反对派领导层，提供其所需的美国支持。
第三阶段：渗透
派出特种部队渗入目标地区，与其基地建立联系，并和反对派进行接触。
第四阶段：组织
特种部队组织、训练反对派骨干，并为其提供装备，重点是发展秘密机构。
第五阶段：积聚力量
特种部队协助骨干发展影响力大的抵抗组织，可执行少量战斗行动，但重点仍是积聚力量。
第六阶段：行动
非常规部队执行战斗行动，直到与常规部队结合或战事平息。
第七阶段：过渡
非常规部队或收归国家控制，或转变为常规部队，亦或遣散。
马来西亚不是叙利亚和利比亚，他们的社会与政治体系及其反抗运动迥然不同，但这七个阶段却是可以比较的。即便如此，基本上可以确认的是，马来西亚所发生的暴乱并非意在推动真正的民主制度，而在通过煽动社会动荡，激起民众情绪，逐步扶植一个有利于美国利益的国家政府。
如第一阶段所述，“外国赞助商采取心理攻势以团结反对现任政府的群体”，可以断定的是，这第一步已经尝试过。净选盟领导人安碧嘉（Ambiga Sreenevasan）很早之前就已承认，净选盟接受了“外国赞助商”的资金赞助，这些赞助商是“美国全国国际事务民主学会”（NDI）和“纽约开放社 会研究所”（OSI）。
此外，美国国家民主基金会（NED）每年向政治新闻网站《当今大马》提供10万美元（马币317260令吉）的资金赞助。《当今大马》被认为是马来西亚最 支持反对派的新闻网站。该网站的首席执行员詹德兰（Premesh Chandran），是开放社会基金会（OPF）的受赠人，并利用索罗斯资助的东南亚出版基金会（Soros－funded Southeast Asian Press Alliance， SEAPA）提供的10万美元发起成立了该网站。美国国家民主基金会则向大马人民之声提供了9万美元（马币285516令吉）的资助。［6］无论知情还是 不知情，这些组织机构均因拥护备受争议的政治主张，而获得了来自美国大使馆的资金支持。当然，发表异见的权利绝不应该被剥夺，尽管纳吉布•拉扎克政府放松 了言论控制，已开始抛弃马哈蒂尔的管理模式，但是很多人仍然觉得这还不够。
如果美国是在寻求非常规战争手册中描述的政策，你就可以知道何以外国赞助的人权组织可视为是马来西亚当局的威胁，无论他们宣扬的政治观和价值观是什么。显 然，马来西亚当局担心的是，由外国赞助的政治运动一旦得势将带来的暴力和暴动行为，就像在其他国家发生的那样。不过马来西亚还不至于发展到像叙利亚叛乱运 动那样的规模。但是，如果外国势力继续寻求“非常规战”，那么，还认为马来西亚不会发生类似2010年泰国出现的政治动荡，就有点太轻率了。在大选期间可 能出现政治动荡或许才是当前政府尚未公开宣布的原因。
国际共和研究所（IRI）的负责人是美国参议院约翰•麦凯恩，他是美国和以色列军国主义的狂热支持者。国际共和研究所每年从美国国家民主基金会（NED） 获得802122美元（即2544670人民币）赞助从事马来西亚计划。麦凯恩领导的国际共和研究所赞助了几个美国支持下的民间组织（NGO），特别是寻 求“曝光选举舞弊行为”的独立选举委员会GOLOS，通过赞助这些机构，该研究所在质疑俄罗斯2011年总统选举的有效性上起到了决定性作用。国际共和研 究所的行为遭到了俄罗斯立法委员和观察员团体的多方批评。俄罗斯观察员协会（Russian Observer Association Civil Control）的行政长官乔杰•弗奥多罗夫（Georgy Fyodorov）指出：
“他们拥有明确的破坏稳定的策略；先是小心翼翼地让公众听到选举舞弊的‘爆炸性’新闻。然后，媒体将大喜过望，记录下随后克里姆林宫的支持者和民族主义青年发生冲突、特警队进行驱散的画面。这样的镜头将使民众对俄罗斯大选残存的信任感消失殆尽。”［7］
消除所有残存的信任感，这就是一方企图“采取心理攻势来团结民众一致反对现任政府”的主要目的。总统选举被视为是一个契机，主要通过指控 选举制度不自由或不符合国际惯例，来挑战政治候选人或政党的合法性。理性的不满是文明进步的主要动力，毫无疑问是非常宝贵的，饱含了公民的个人责任。但 是，如果外国政府试图利用他国国民的异见和不满来实现本国的目标，将是对异见本身最大的玷污。
注：
［1］ TC 18－01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE， US Army， 2010
［2］ The Blueprint for the War Libya？ NSNBC， February 21， 2012
［3］ AU： Libya rebels killing black workers， CBS News， August 29， 2011
［4］ Rebel Arms Flow Is Said to Benefit Jihadists in Syria， The New York Times， October 14， 2012
［5］ Outgunned Syria rebels make shift to bombs， Reuters， April 30， 2012
［6］ Pro－Israel groups rooting for the Opposition， The Mole， September 27， 2012
［7］ Russian Press － Behind the Headlines， November 18， Ria Novosti， November 18， 2012
Nile Bowie is a Kuala Lumpur－based American writer and photographer for the Centre for Research on Globalization in Montreal， Canada。 He explores issues of terrorism， economics and geopolitics。
原文链接：
http：／／www.globalresearch.ca／malaysia－victim－of－americas－irregular－warfare－ops／5312600
原文：
Malaysia： Victim of America`s “Irregular Warfare” Ops？
By Nile Bowie
Region： Asia
Theme： Intelligence
The issue of civil society groups receiving foreign funding has been a major point of discussion in Malaysia during recent times， causing controversy and drawing criticism from activists to members of Parliament alike。
Some activists tend to view Putrajaya`s investigation into rights advocacy groups like SUARAM （a noted recipient of foreign funding） as a desperate attempt to stifle dissent and attack civil society。 Former Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has repeatedly warned of a foreign－funded destabilization campaign aimed at regime change in Malaysia － a claim that has been generally dismissed by Bersih goers and the like。
With the nation`s 13th General Election looming， some see talk of “foreign plots” as tired rhetoric， while others fail to grasp the deeper machinations of foreign influence and do little more than finger pointing at political opponents。 In this instance， the pages of a leaked US military document provide valuable insight into the nature of “foreign plots” potentially aimed against Malaysia。
“TC 18－01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE” is listed on the US Army`s official website and can only be accessed by authorized officials within the American government （a leaked copy has been made available and can be viewed by clicking here）。 ［1］ The document is significant because it provides a step－by－step definition of Washington`s “irregular warfare” and unconventional warfare tactics。 The manual illustrates the sheer impunity with which the United States conducts its foreign policy， aimed at illegally interfering into the political affairs of foreign nations with an aim to destabilize and reorder them to further American economic interests； Dr。 Christof Lehmann describes the manual as：
“…a step by step guide of how to create， manipulate， co－opt and make use of a countries population， persons of special interest inside the country as well as expatriates， organizations inside as well as outside the country， towards a subversion。 Beginning with manipulating dissent into demonstrations， the polarization of a population， riots and armed insurgencies that require action by security forces， and psychological warfare by means of media， step by step， in logical sequence， towards a full scale war， based on humanitarian principles and the pretext of bringing democracy and freedom。” ［2］
The targets of the above mentioned irregular warfare operations are those states that have been unwilling to align themselves with American diplomatic and economic interests or semi－compliant states that are strategically located and abundant in natural resources。
The manual describes meticulously orchestrated covert operations that are conducted in phases； beginning with psychologically influencing the target population through foreign－funded dissident news media organizations。 Subsequently， targeted nations are infiltrated to provide training and equipment to dissident groups， until a political transition is imposed， by force if necessary。
The manual is classified “Restricted” with a “Destruction Notice”， and for obvious reasons － its pages lay bare the illegal and brutal nature of US foreign policy by means of supporting insurgent groups that would otherwise be called “terrorist organizations” （emphasis added）：
“DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION： Distribution authorized to U。S。 Government agencies and their contractors only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or by other means。 This determination was made on 1 August 2010。 Other requests for this document must be referred to Commander， United States Army John F。 Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School， ATTN： AOJK－DTD－SF， 2175 Reilly Road， Stop A， Fort Bragg， NC 28310－5000。
DESTRUCTION NOTICE： Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document。
FOREIGN DISCLOSURE RESTRICTION （FD 6）： This publication has been reviewed by the product developers in coordination with the United States Army John F。 Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School foreign disclosure authority。 This product is releasable to students from foreign countries on a case－by－case basis only。
The Commander， United States Special Operations Command （USSOCOM）， defines ［Unconventional Warfare］ UW as activities conducted to enable a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce， disrupt， or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground， auxiliary， and guerrilla force in a denied area。 The intent of U。S。 ［Unconventional Warfare］ UW efforts is to exploit a hostile power`s political， military， economic， and psychological vulnerabilities by developing and sustaining resistance forces to accomplish U。S。 strategic objectives。 For the foreseeable future， U。S。 forces will predominantly engage in irregular warfare （IW） operations。”
The ongoing conflict in Syria and the unrest that overthrew Muammar Gaddafi in Libya in 2011 are examples of the model proposed by this document being successfully utilized。 In both countries， American organizations such as the National Endowment for Democracy and others both financially and rhetorically supported political opposition and activist groups。 When protests in those countries gained momentum， reports of violence surfaced， often in the form of sniper fire， targeting both security personnel and civilians。 In Libya， rebel groups were armed by Western nations despite confirmed reports of jihadist and extremist groups being the central component of the armed resistance。 As a result， these armed militants did indeed topple the Libyan government， and have since been involved in racially motivated mass killings and the recent murder of US Ambassador Chris Stevens and four other American personnel in Benghazi。 ［3］ The same tactics have been used in Syria， where jihadist groups have received weapons from US allies such as Saudi Arabia and Qatar， and have reportedly used terrorist tactics such as bomb making and extrajudicial assassinations。 ［4］ ［5］ The “Phases of Unconventional Warfare” are described in the manual and exactly match the US protocol undertaken in both Libya and Syria：
PHASE I： Preparation
Resistance and external sponsors conduct psychological preparation to unify population against established government or occupying power and prepare population to accept U。S。 support。
PHASE II： Initial Contact
USG ［United States Government］ agencies coordinate with allied government－in－exile or resistance leadership for desired U。S。 support。
PHASE III： Infiltration
SF ［Special Forces］ team infiltrates operational area， establishes communications with its base， and contacts resistance organization。
PHASE IV： Organization
SF ［Special Forces］ team organizes， trains， and equips resistance cadre。 Emphasis is on developing infrastructure。
PHASE V： Buildup
SF ［Special Forces］ team assist cadre with expansion into an effective resistance organization。 Limited combat operations may be conducted， but emphasis remains on development。
PHASE VI： Employment
UW ［Unconventional Warfare］ forces conduct combat operations until linkup with conventional forces or end hostilities。
PHASE VII： Transition
UW ［Unconventional Warfare］ forces revert to national control， shifting to regular forces or demobilizing。
Malaysia is not Syria or Libya； the social and political systems of these countries and their resistance movements are highly dissimilar and only so much can be taken from comparisons of this nature。 Even so， it is essentially confirmed that the agitation Malaysia has experienced is not intended to promote a genuine democratic framework； its purpose is the gradual installation of a national government that is friendly to American interests by coaxing social unrest and shaping popular sentiment。
Just as described in Phase 1， “external sponsors conduct psychological preparation to unify population against established government，” it can be gathered that this first step has already been attempted。 Bersih coalition leader Ambiga Sreenevasan has long admitted that her organization receives financial assistance from “external sponsors，” namely， the US－based National Democratic Institute （NDI） and Open Society Institute （OSI）。
The National Endowment for Democracy （NED） also annually provides ￥100,000 （RM 317,260） to political news website Malaysiakini， widely considered to be the nation`s most pro－opposition news outlet。 Premesh Chandran， Malaysiakini CEO， is a grantee of the Open Society Foundations and launched the news organization with a ￥100,000 grant from the Soros－funded Southeast Asian Press Alliance （SEAPA）。 NED also provides ￥90,000 （RM 285,516） to SUARAM。 ［6］ Knowingly， or unknowingly， these organizations have received financial support from the US Embassy due to the controversial political discourse they espouse。 Of course， the expression of dissent should never be denied， and although the Najib Razak administration has begun to move away from Mahathir`s administrative model by relaxing controls on expression， many still feel more can be done。
If the United States is pursuing the kind of policy described in the Unconventional Warfare manual， one can understand how foreign－funded rights advocacy groups may be perceived as threatening to Malaysian authorities， regardless of the politics and values they preach。 Ostensibly， Malaysian authorities are concerned about the violence and insurrectionary behavior that have accompanied foreign－funded political movements in other countries once momentum built around them。 Malaysia would not likely fall victim to an insurgency campaign anywhere near the scale seen in Syria。 However， it would be unwise to dismiss the possibility of seeing the kind of violence that took shape in Thailand during the political unrest of 2010 if foreign elements continue to pursue “irregular warfare。” The possibility of political instability coming to fruition during the general election period may factor into explaining why the current government has not yet declared them。
The International Republican Institute （IRI） is chaired by US Senator John McCain， an ardent supporter of American and Israeli militarism， and annually receives ￥802,122 （RM 2,544,670） from the NED for its Malaysian projects。 McCain`s IRI played a crucial role in casting doubt on the validity of Russia`s 2011 presidential elections by funding several US－backed NGOs， particularly GOLOS， an independent electoral commission seeking to “expose voting irregularities。” The conduct of the organization has generated widespread criticism from Russian lawmakers and observer groups。 Georgy Fyodorov， chief executive of Russian Observer Association Civil Control stated：
“They have a clear destabilizing tactic； they are carefully conditioning the public to hear some ‘breaking’ news of election fraud。 The media will have a field day taping the ensuing clashes between pro－Kremlin and nationalist youth being dispersed by special police。 This kind of footage would dilute any remaining trust in Russian elections。” ［7］
To dilute any remaining trust － that is the principle objective when one attempts to “conduct psychological preparation to unify population against established government。” Elections are seen as an opportunity to challenge the legitimacy of a political candidate or party， primarily by accusing the electoral system of being unfree or somehow outside of international norms。 In the Malaysian context， ruling authorities have acknowledged that more could be done to reduce voting irregularities and have begun to work toward such ends。 To accuse Malaysia`s electoral system of being illegitimate is a cinematic exaggeration， a myth pushed by foul Western endowments and foundations。 Intelligent discontent is the mainspring of civilization， it is irrefutably valuable and channeling it comes with individual responsibilities。 When foreign governments attempt to harness other people`s dissent for their own objectives， it is the greatest attack on dissent itself。
Notes
［1］ TC 18－01 SPECIAL FORCES UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE， US Army， 2010
［2］ The Blueprint for the War Libya？ NSNBC， February 21， 2012
［3］ AU： Libya rebels killing black workers， CBS News， August 29， 2011
［4］ Rebel Arms Flow Is Said to Benefit Jihadists in Syria， The New York Times， October 14， 2012
［5］ Outgunned Syria rebels make shift to bombs， Reuters， April 30， 2012
［6］ Pro－Israel groups rooting for the Opposition， The Mole， September 27， 2012
［7］ Russian Press － Behind the Headlines， November 18， Ria Novosti， November 18， 2012
Nile Bowie is a Kuala Lumpur－based American writer and photographer for the Centre for Research on Globalization in Montreal， Canada. He explores issues of terrorism， economics and geopolitics。
（《环球视野globalview.cn》第510期）
